Ofcom Steps Up AI Enforcement as UK Awaits Landmark AI Bill

Ofcom Steps Up AI Enforcement as UK Awaits Landmark AI Bill

The UK's media regulator Ofcom is intensifying its enforcement of artificial intelligence platforms under the Online Safety Act, as the government prepares what could be a landmark AI Bill — potentially the most significant piece of digital legislation since the Online Safety Act itself.

Ofcom's Enforcement Actions

Ofcom has moved decisively in recent months to assert its authority over AI-powered services. In November 2025, it issued a fine to Itai Tech Ltd for failing to implement mandatory age assurance measures on an AI-powered "nudification" site — the first such enforcement action under the Online Safety Act. In January 2026, Ofcom opened an investigation into Novi Ltd's AI character companion chatbot service over pornography provider age assurance requirements, and launched a separate investigation into the use of the Grok AI chatbot on X (formerly Twitter).

The regulator's research indicates that UK adults are increasingly consulting AI chatbots for advice and conversation, raising concerns about the potential for harm — particularly for younger and more vulnerable users. Ofcom has made clear it will use its enforcement powers proactively rather than waiting for harm to occur.

The UK's Regulatory Approach

Unlike the European Union's comprehensive AI Act — which takes a risk-based, top-down approach — the UK has opted for a sector-specific, principles-based framework. Existing regulators including Ofcom, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), and the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) each oversee AI within their respective domains, coordinating through the Digital Regulation Cooperation Forum (DRCF).

The ICO published a report on agentic AI in January 2026, analysing the data protection risks of AI systems that can take autonomous actions on behalf of users. The CMA has opened five merger control investigations into major AI partnerships since December 2023, including scrutiny of deals involving Microsoft, Amazon, and Alphabet.

The AI Bill Question

A dedicated UK AI Bill has been anticipated for 2026, but its timing and scope remain uncertain. The government's focus has shifted from AI safety to prioritising economic growth and national security — reflected in the rebranding of the AI Safety Institute as the AI Security Institute in February 2025. A formal government-backed bill is not expected until at least the next King's Speech, possibly in May 2026.

The unresolved question of AI and copyright remains a flashpoint. The government is required to publish a report on the use of copyright works in AI training, with the creative industries pressing for stronger protections and AI developers arguing for greater flexibility.

Why It Matters

For UK businesses, consumers, and the creative sector, the regulatory choices made in 2026 will shape the AI landscape for years. The UK's pro-innovation approach offers flexibility but risks inconsistency; a clear AI Bill could provide the certainty that investors and developers need to commit to the UK as a leading AI hub.

What's Next

The King's Speech in May 2026 is expected to clarify whether a government-backed AI Bill will be introduced this parliamentary session. In the meantime, Ofcom and the ICO are expected to continue active enforcement and guidance development throughout the year.

Further details on UK AI regulation are available at Bird & Bird.